430 years ago, in 1582, the Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII. This was much more accurate than the previous Julian calendar. The Julian calendar was out of astronomical sync by one day every 134 years, while the Gregorian calendar only deviates by one day every 3300 years.
Since the 14th century popes and astronomers, including Copernicus, have been engaged in preparing calendar reforms. A decisive proposal entitled Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium was submitted to Pope Gregory XIII in 1575 by the physician and astronomer Luigi Giglio. On 24th February 1582 Gregory XIII issued the papal bull Inter gravissimas, announcing a reform of the calendar. As a block of ten days was to be omitted, a time was chosen when the reform would have the smallest impact on the liturgical year due to the fact that only a few public holidays would be skipped. The reform was therefore to have been implemented on Thursday 4th October. This day was followed by Friday 15th October. The papal bull also decreed that the last year of every century would only be a leap year if it could be divided by 400. Nowadays the diff erence between the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar is 13 days. Therefore, for example, Christmas in Russia, Serbia and other countries using the orthodox Julian calendar comes 13 days after the Roman Catholic Christmas.
The Gregorian calendar was not adopted immediately everywhere. On the designated day the reform was only passed in certain Catholic countries – large parts of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland. In the Netherlands the reform was adopted at the end of 1582, meaning that the people of the Netherlands missed out on Christmas that year. In Bohemia the reform was implemented by Rudolf II (jump from 6th January to 17th January 1584). In Great Britain the reform was postponed due to opposition from the Anglican Church and the English were proud of being diff erent. Great Britain did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752. In Russia the Julian calendar remained in use until 1918; it was adopted in Greece in 1923. The Orthodox Church never adopted the new system.
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